Chemistry of Drugs
DAVID E. NEWTON
Chemistry of Drugs
Copyright © 2007 by David E. Newton
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Newton, David E.
Chemistry of drugs / David E. Newton.
p. cm—(The new chemistry)
Includes bibliographical references and index
IN-10: 0-8160-5276-X
IN-13: 978-0-8160-5276-9
1. Pharmaceutical chemistry—Juvenile literature. 2. Drugs—Juvenile
literature. I. Title
RS403.N496 2007
615.'19—dc22 2006030004
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Preface vii
Introduction ix
1 UNDERSTANDING THE WAY DRUGS WORK
IN THE BODY 1
Early Humans Discover Drugs 1
Types of Drugs 3
How Drugs Work: Disease Prevention 7
How Drugs Work: Altering Mental Processes 10
Otto Loewi (1873–1961) 15
The Future of Drug Design and Development 17
Candace Beebe Pert (1946– ) 18
2 NATURAL PRODUCTS 20
The Use of Natural Products as Drugs in History 21
Natural Products and the Rise of Modern Chemistry 23
Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979) 26
Microorganis as the Source of Drugs 28
Marine Organis as a Source of Drugs 30
Plant Products as the Source of New Drugs 33
Monroe Wall (1916–2002) and
Mansukhlal Wani (1925– ) 36
The Search for New Natural Product Drugs 38
Natural Product Research and Biodiversity 40
Natural Products as Dietary Supplements 41
The Safety of Natural Products as Drugs 47
3 RECOMBINANT DNA AS A NEW SOURCE OF DRUGS 53
Principles of Recombinant DNA 54
Paul Berg (1926– ) 58
The Process of Recombinant DNA 61
Werner Arber (1929– ) 64
Drugs Produced by Recombinant DNA 64
Pharming as a Source of Genetically Modifi ed Drugs 72
Pharming and Transgenic Technology 74
Pros and Cons of Pharming 77
4 DESIGNER DRUGS 83
What Are Designer Drugs? 85
Illegal Designer Drugs 89
U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration 90
Fentanyl ogs 92
Phenylethylamine ogs 94
Methamphetamine 95
96
Alexander “Sasha” Shulgin (1925– ) 100
Meperidine ogs 104
Phencyclidine ogs 106
GHB and Rohypnol 108
Guesses and Risks 111
5 RATIONAL DRUG DESIGN: STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY
RELATIONSHIPS AND COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 114
Steps in the Development of a New Drug 115
Rational Drug Design 117
Structure-Activity Relationships 118
Elements of Structure-Activity Relationship
Drug Design 123
Modifi cations in Pharmcophores 127
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 131
Louis Plack Hammett (1894–1987) 132
Combinatorial Chemistry 134
Solid-Phase Synthesis 136
R. Bruce Merrifi eld (1921–2006) 138
Solution-Phase Synthesis 148
Applications of Combinatorial Chemistry 156
CONCLUSION 159
Glossary 163
Further Reading 169
Index 173
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